The personal is political, equality, difference and intersectionality | Edexcel A-Level Politics
Updated: 2 days ago
For Specification 9PL0
Edexcel A-Level Politics | Free Revision Notes
Estimated study time:Â 50 minutes
Feminists agree that women experience unequal gender power, but they disagree significantly about where oppression operates, what equality should mean and whether all women experience patriarchy in the same way. This The personal is political, equality, difference and intersectionality A-Level Politics revision page explores the public and private spheres, the claim that personal relationships involve political power, the divide between equality and difference feminism, and the development of intersectionality. These debates build directly on patriarchy and gender [Sex, gender and patriarchy] and are essential for comparing feminist traditions.
Learning Objectives 🎯
By the end of this revision page, you should be able to:
Define the public sphere and private sphere.
Explain what feminists mean by the claim that the personal is political.
Analyse why feminists disagree about the importance of the distinction between public and private life.
Compare equality feminism with difference feminism.
Explain essentialism and cultural feminism in relation to difference feminism.
Explain and analyse intersectionality and its impact on wider feminist thinking.
Revision Notes đź“š
The personal is political
The idea that the personal is political challenges a traditional separation between public political life and supposedly private domestic life.
The Edexcel specification defines the principle as the view that relationships between men and women, both in society and in private relationships, are based on power and dominance. Feminists therefore question whether relationships within areas such as the home and family should really be regarded as outside politics.
To understand this principle, you first need to distinguish two important terms.
The public sphere and private sphere
Sphere | Meaning | Importance to feminism |
Public sphere | Relationships outside the home, particularly in society and work. | Feminists examine inequality and discrimination in public life. |
Private sphere | Home and domestic life, where relationships have traditionally been regarded as private. | Many feminists argue that power and oppression can operate here too. |
These definitions are part of Edexcel's required feminist terminology.
The distinction matters because feminists disagree about how far political analysis should extend into private relationships.
Why is the personal political?
The principle rests on the argument that politics is not limited to governments, elections, laws or formal institutions.
If politics involves power, feminists can also examine power within relationships between men and women.
The reasoning is:
Patriarchy involves systematic and pervasive gender oppression.
Gender relations exist in both public and private life.
Power and dominance may therefore operate within personal and domestic relationships as well as public institutions.
Private relationships cannot automatically be treated as politically irrelevant.
For many feminists, challenging patriarchy therefore requires attention to both spheres.
This connects closely with patriarchy [Sex, gender and patriarchy]. If patriarchy is pervasive, its effects cannot necessarily stop at the front door of the home.
The 2023 and 2025 Edexcel mark schemes reflect this relationship by identifying agreement among many feminists that oppression operates across both public and private spheres and that the family may play an important role in maintaining gender roles and oppression.
The family and the private sphere
The family is particularly important to debates about the personal being political because it belongs to the private sphere.
Different feminist thinkers use the family to illustrate different explanations of female oppression.
Kate Millett
Millett argues that undoing the traditional family is central to achieving true sexual revolution.
Her ideas therefore support the argument that relations within the private sphere matter politically. If the family helps maintain patriarchy, changing public laws alone would not fully overcome women's oppression.
You will examine this in more depth through Millett's ideas about family and culture [Gilman, de Beauvoir and Millett].
Sheila Rowbotham
Rowbotham connects the family with capitalism.
Her specified ideas include:
women selling their labour to survive while also using their labour to support the family
the family functioning as both an instrument through which women may be subjected to capitalism and a place where men take refuge from alienation created by capitalism
Rowbotham therefore demonstrates how the private sphere can be related to wider economic structures.
bell hooks
bell hooks broadens feminist analysis further by emphasising the experiences of women of colour and intersectionality.
Rather than viewing women's experiences only through gender, her contribution encourages feminism to examine how forms of disadvantage vary according to factors including race and class.
These ideas are developed fully in Rowbotham and bell hooks [Rowbotham and bell hooks].
Do all feminists agree that the personal is political?
There is substantial agreement, but not complete agreement.
The specification explicitly requires students to understand why some feminists see this principle as crucial while others regard extending political analysis into personal relationships differently. The supplied examination material develops this debate primarily through differences between liberal feminism and the more radical feminist traditions.
Liberal feminism
Liberal feminism focuses strongly on equality in the public sphere.
Liberal feminists seek changes such as:
political equality
legal equality
equality of opportunity
the removal of discrimination
Their approach is reformist, seeking gradual and peaceful change.
Compared with radical feminism, liberal feminism therefore places less emphasis on radically transforming the private sphere. The focus is more strongly placed on ensuring that women and men have equal access to opportunities in public life.
Radical feminism
Radical feminism sees gender inequality as the biggest problem facing society.
Radical feminists place much greater importance on the private sphere because patriarchal power may operate within personal relationships and the family.
Millett's argument that the traditional family must be undone for a true sexual revolution clearly illustrates this approach.
For radical feminism, separating public politics from private relationships risks ignoring an important location of patriarchal power.
Socialist feminism
Socialist feminism also extends its analysis beyond formal public politics, but it places greater emphasis on the relationship between gender oppression and the economy.
Socialist feminism argues that capitalism creates patriarchy. Rowbotham's analysis of women's labour and the family demonstrates how economic and domestic relationships can be connected.
Post-modern feminism
Post-modern feminism argues that patriarchy manifests differently according to factors such as race and class.
This approach broadens the personal-is-political argument because women's experiences within both public and private life cannot be explained by gender alone.
The differences between these approaches become clearer when studying the four feminist traditions [Liberal, socialist, radical and post-modern feminism].
Comparing feminist approaches to the public and private spheres
Approach | Main emphasis | Implication for the personal is political |
Liberal feminism | Equality and discrimination, particularly within the public sphere. | More emphasis on reforming women's position in public life than radically transforming private relationships. |
Socialist feminism | The connection between gender inequality and capitalism. | Private family relationships must be considered alongside economic structures. |
Radical feminism | Patriarchy as the central source of gender oppression. | The private sphere is politically significant because patriarchal power operates within personal relationships and the family. |
Post-modern feminism | Different experiences of patriarchy according to race, class and other differences. | Neither public nor private oppression can be understood through gender alone. |
The key examination point is that feminists may agree that power operates within private life while still disagreeing profoundly about why that oppression occurs and what must be changed.
đź’ˇ Exam focus:Â Agreement about the principle does not mean agreement about its explanation. Radical, socialist and post-modern feminists can all take the private sphere seriously while identifying different underlying causes of oppression.
Equality feminism
Equality feminism seeks equality for men and women in society.
Equality feminists generally reject the idea that women's social position should be determined by supposedly natural differences between men and women.
This connects equality feminism with the distinction between sex and gender:
biological sex does not justify unequal social roles
gender roles imposed by society can be challenged
men and women should therefore be treated equally rather than assigned fundamentally different social positions
Most feminists fall within the equality feminist position. Edexcel mark schemes emphasise that most feminists regard imposed gender roles as oppressive and support gender equality.
What does equality mean?
Equality feminism is not itself a single feminist tradition.
Different equality feminists may still disagree about the type of equality needed and how it should be achieved.
For example:
liberal feminism emphasises legal equality, political equality and equality of opportunity
socialist feminism relates women's inequality to capitalism
radical feminism focuses on overcoming patriarchy
post-modern feminism emphasises the different forms women's oppression may take
This is why a question about feminist agreement on equality should not become simply a comparison between "equality feminists" and "difference feminists". There are significant divisions within equality feminism itself.
The 2024 mark scheme explicitly identifies disagreement over both the meaning of equality and the means by which it should be achieved.
Difference feminism
Difference feminism argues that men and women have fundamentally different natures.
This distinguishes it sharply from equality feminism.
Difference feminists do not believe women's liberation should simply involve eliminating distinctions between men and women. Instead, differences between the sexes are considered significant.
An important term here is essentialism.
Essentialism
Essentialism is the belief that biological factors are significant in explaining differences in the character and behaviour of men and women.
This means difference feminists give biological differences considerably greater importance than equality feminists.
The central disagreement is therefore:
Equality feminism | Difference feminism |
Seeks equality between men and women. | Argues that men and women have fundamentally different natures. |
Challenges the idea that social inequality should follow from biological difference. | Gives biological difference greater significance. |
Generally seeks to overcome imposed gender distinctions and unequal treatment. | Seeks recognition of women's distinctiveness rather than treating similarity to men as the basis of liberation. |
This is a fundamental debate about human nature, not simply a disagreement over political tactics.
Cultural feminism
Cultural feminism is a form of difference feminism.
Edexcel defines it as an approach that seeks to challenge the dominance of male culture and instead promote women's values.
Cultural feminism therefore illustrates why difference feminism does not simply argue that women are different.
The political significance lies in what should follow from that difference.
Rather than making women fit a society shaped by male culture, cultural feminism seeks greater recognition of values associated with women.
This contrasts sharply with equality feminism, which focuses on equality between men and women rather than building feminist politics around an essential difference between them.
How significant is the equality versus difference debate?
It is a substantial division within feminism because it affects three major questions.
1. Human nature
Equality feminists reject the idea that women should occupy different social roles because men and women have fundamentally different natures.
Difference feminists argue that fundamental differences do exist.
2. The meaning of liberation
Equality feminism seeks women's equality with men.
Difference feminism is less willing to treat sameness as the basis of liberation and instead emphasises women's distinctiveness.
3. The type of society feminism should seek
Equality feminists want gender inequality removed.
Difference feminists, particularly cultural feminists, seek recognition and promotion of women's distinctive values rather than simply incorporating women into a culture dominated by male values.
The 2019 and 2024 mark schemes identify this as a genuine division within feminism, while also indicating that difference feminism represents a minority position compared with the broader equality feminist tradition.
Intersectionality
Intersectionality challenges the idea that gender alone determines a woman's experience.
The Edexcel glossary defines it as an idea challenging the view that gender is the singular factor determining a woman's fate. It argues that black and working-class women's experiences of patriarchy differ from those of white, middle-class women.
Intersectionality therefore changes the question feminist analysis asks.
Instead of asking only:
How does patriarchy affect women?
intersectional analysis also asks:
Do all women experience patriarchy in the same way?
For intersectional feminism, the answer is no.
Race, class and patriarchy
The specification identifies both race and class as important to intersectional analysis.
A woman's experience of patriarchy within:
the state
society
the economy
may differ according to whether she is, for example, black or white, or working class or middle class.
Intersectionality therefore challenges approaches that treat "women" as if all women share one identical experience.
This does not mean gender becomes irrelevant. Instead, gender is no longer treated as the only factor necessary to analyse oppression.
bell hooks and intersectionality
bell hooks is the specified thinker most directly connected to intersectionality.
Her required ideas include:
bringing the cultural concerns of women of colour into mainstream feminism
criticising mainstream feminism for concentrating heavily on white, college-educated, middle- and upper-class women
highlighting that this focus failed adequately to represent the concerns of women of colour
Her contribution therefore challenges feminism to consider whose experience is being presented when claims are made about "women" generally.
This is developed further through bell hooks and intersectional feminism [Rowbotham and bell hooks].
Intersectionality and post-modern feminism
Intersectionality is closely connected to post-modern feminism.
Post-modern feminism argues that patriarchy manifests differently according to a woman's race, class and other differences.
This challenges explanations of female oppression that search for one universal cause or assume that all women experience patriarchal structures identically.
The contrast can be summarised as:
Single-factor analysis:Â gender is treated as the primary explanation for women's position.
Intersectional analysis:Â gender remains important, but its effects interact with differences such as race and class.
Edexcel's 2024 mark scheme identifies post-modern feminism as bringing a distinct contribution to debates about feminist social change because intersectionality provides a broader framework through which oppression can be analysed.
How intersectionality changes feminist analysis
Intersectionality has several important consequences for feminist thinking.
It challenges generalisations about women
Feminists cannot automatically assume that one group of women's experiences represents all women.
It broadens explanations of oppression
Gender remains important, but race and class are also considered when examining how patriarchy is experienced.
It changes analysis of institutions
The impact of patriarchy in the state, society and economy may differ between groups of women.
It influences feminist political priorities
If women's experiences are different, feminist political action must recognise those differences rather than assuming one universal experience of oppression.
This explains why intersectionality is significant to wider feminist thought rather than simply being an additional definition to memorise.
Connecting the four ideas
The four major ideas in this lesson are closely related.
The personal is political expands the locations in which feminist analysis looks for power.
↓
Equality feminism argues that women and men should achieve equality rather than have unequal roles justified by gender difference.
↓
Difference feminism challenges the majority equality position by arguing that men and women have fundamentally different natures.
↓
Intersectionality challenges the assumption that all women experience gender oppression identically.
Together, these debates demonstrate an important characteristic of feminism: feminists share a commitment to overcoming women's disadvantages, but disagree about where oppression operates, what equality requires and whether women's experiences can be treated as uniform.
Applying these ideas in an examination
A 24-mark political ideas question requires you to compare areas of agreement and disagreement and judge their extent.
A strong approach is thematic.
For a question on the personal being political, you could compare feminists through:
Where oppression occurs, public sphere versus private sphere.
The role of the family, and why different strands interpret it differently.
The cause of oppression, discrimination, capitalism, patriarchy or intersecting inequalities.
The political action required, gradual reform or more fundamental change.
For a question on equality, useful themes include:
whether women currently experience inequality
equality feminism versus difference feminism
different meanings of equality
different strategies for achieving female liberation
For intersectionality, make it part of comparisons throughout the answer rather than treating post-modern feminism as an isolated final point.
Key Words 🔑
Key word | Student-friendly definition | How it may be used in an exam |
Public sphere | Life outside the home, particularly society and work. | Compare feminist views about where gender inequality and oppression operate. |
Private sphere | Home and domestic life, where relationships are traditionally regarded as private. | Explain the idea that the personal is political and disagreements about the family. |
Essentialism | The belief that biological factors are significant in differences in male and female character and behaviour. | Explain the fundamental difference between equality and difference feminism. |
Cultural feminism | A form of difference feminism that challenges male-dominated culture and seeks to promote women's values. | Develop comparison between equality feminism and difference feminism. |
Intersectionality | The idea that gender is not the only factor determining women's experiences, and that black and working-class women's experiences of patriarchy differ from those of white, middle-class women. | Explain post-modern feminist analysis and evaluate whether feminism can treat women's experiences as uniform. |
Hints from the Examiner Reports đź’ˇ
Examiner hint:Â Start with an accurate definition. In 2023, stronger answers on the personal being political clearly defined the principle before using the distinction between the public and private spheres to organise their argument. Weaker answers without a secure definition were more likely to drift away from the question.
Examiner hint:Â Compare feminists rather than placing their views side by side. The 2023 examiner report found that weaker responses often described each strand separately, whereas stronger responses comparatively analysed the different approaches and built judgements about the extent of agreement.
Examiner hint: Know the difference between the public sphere and private sphere precisely. The 2025 report identified this distinction as the foundation of stronger responses. The best answers then examined how oppression could operate in each sphere and connected this to gender roles and political action.
Examiner hint:Â For questions about equality, organise your essay around themes rather than individual feminist strands. In 2024, successful responses developed themes such as legal equality, political equality, gender equality, patriarchy and the family. A one-strand-per-paragraph structure was more likely to become descriptive.
Examiner hint: Integrate specified thinkers into your analysis. Examiners repeatedly warn against simply writing that Millett is a radical feminist or Rowbotham a socialist feminist. Use their actual ideas to demonstrate why strands agree or disagree.
Examiner hint:Â Use at least two of the specified feminist thinkers effectively in a political ideas essay. Other thinkers may supplement the argument, but they do not replace the specified thinkers.
Examiner hint:Â Do not bolt intersectionality onto the end of an essay. Both the 2024 and 2025 reports praised more accurate use of post-modern feminism and bell hooks but noted that it was sometimes added as a separate final paragraph rather than integrated into the debate. Where relevant, compare the intersectional approach throughout.
Examiner hint:Â Keep returning to extent. Strong political ideas answers do not simply identify agreement and disagreement. They judge how significant those agreements and disagreements are and maintain that line of argument from the introduction to the conclusion.
Common Mistakes ⚠️
Mistake: Treating the personal is political as meaning simply that personal opinions are political
Why this is incorrect: The concept concerns power and dominance within relationships, including private relationships between men and women.
How to improve: Use the public/private distinction immediately. Explain that feminist analysis can extend political ideas about power into home and domestic relationships.
Mistake: Assuming all feminists reject the public-private distinction in exactly the same way
Why this is incorrect: Liberal feminism concentrates more strongly on equality and discrimination in the public sphere, whereas radical feminism places much greater emphasis on patriarchal power within private relationships and the family.
How to improve: Compare the strands directly and then explain how the disagreement leads to different ideas about political change.
Mistake: Saying equality feminism means that men and women are biologically identical
Why this is incorrect: Equality feminism seeks equality for men and women. Its political claim is not that biological sex does not exist, but that biological difference should not justify unequal social status or roles.
How to improve: Link equality feminism back to the distinction between sex and gender.
Mistake: Treating difference feminism as simply wanting "different rights"
Why this is incorrect: The central distinction concerns human nature. Difference feminists argue that men and women have fundamentally different natures.
How to improve: Use essentialism and cultural feminism to explain what makes the position distinctive.
Mistake: Assuming all radical feminists are difference feminists
Why this is incorrect: Difference feminism represents a particular approach and does not describe feminism as a whole. Edexcel material identifies most feminists as equality feminists.
How to improve: Keep the equality versus difference debate separate from a simplistic mapping of every feminist strand.
Mistake: Defining intersectionality as simply "different kinds of inequality"
Why this is incorrect: That definition is too vague. Intersectionality specifically challenges the idea that gender alone determines women's experiences and emphasises differences connected to factors such as race and class.
How to improve: State explicitly that black and working-class women's experiences of patriarchy can differ from those of white, middle-class women.
Mistake: Using bell hooks only as a label for post-modern feminism
Why this is incorrect: Examiners want thinkers' ideas to support analysis, not merely identification.
How to improve: Explain hooks's criticism that mainstream feminism concentrated heavily on white, college-educated, middle- and upper-class women and did not adequately represent the concerns of women of colour.
Mistake: Writing separate descriptive paragraphs on each strand
Why this is incorrect: This may show Assessment Objective 1 (AO1) knowledge but limits opportunities for Assessment Objective 2 (AO2) comparison and Assessment Objective 3 (AO3) evaluation.
How to improve: Organise paragraphs around themes such as the family, public versus private life, the meaning of equality or the causes of oppression.
Exam-Style Questions ✍️
Question 1
Define the private sphere. (1 mark)
Answer: The private sphere refers to the home and domestic life, where relationships are regarded as private.
Question 2
Define essentialism in feminist political thought. (1 mark)
Answer: Essentialism is the belief that biological factors are significant in explaining differences in the character and behaviour of men and women.
Question 3
Explain two ways in which the idea that the personal is political changes feminist analysis of power. (4 marks)
Indicative answer:
Credit should be given for two developed explanations, such as:
It extends feminist analysis beyond public institutions into private relationships between men and women.
It allows feminists to examine power and dominance within the family and domestic life.
It connects private relationships to wider patriarchal oppression.
It influences feminist disagreements about whether change should focus mainly on the public sphere or also transform the private sphere.
Question 4
Explain two differences between equality feminism and difference feminism. (6 marks)
Indicative answer:
A strong response could explain that:
Equality feminism seeks equality for men and women, while difference feminism argues that men and women have fundamentally different natures.
Equality feminism challenges unequal roles based on gender difference, whereas difference feminism gives biological difference greater significance.
Difference feminism may adopt essentialism, while equality feminism rejects the idea that fundamental differences in male and female nature should determine unequal social roles.
Cultural feminism, as a form of difference feminism, seeks to promote women's values rather than simply achieve equality within male-dominated culture.
Question 5
Consider the following arguments:
Feminist A:Â Women should have equal opportunities within public life, and gradual reform can remove discrimination.
Feminist B:Â The family itself must be transformed because patriarchal power exists within private relationships.
Feminist C:Â Women's position within the family must be understood in relation to capitalism.
Feminist D:Â Neither public nor private oppression can be understood properly if feminism ignores differences of race and class.
Analyse the different feminist approaches to the public and private spheres shown above. (8 marks)
Indicative mark scheme:
A strong answer should identify that:
Feminist A reflects a liberal feminist emphasis on reform and public-sphere equality.
Feminist B reflects a radical feminist approach in which the private sphere and family are central to patriarchal oppression.
Feminist C reflects a socialist feminist analysis connecting the family and private sphere to capitalism.
Feminist D reflects a post-modern/intersectional approach in which women's experiences vary according to factors including race and class.
Higher-quality responses should compare the approaches directly rather than simply identifying them.
Question 6
Analyse the impact of intersectionality on feminist understandings of patriarchy. (8 marks)
Indicative answer:
Intersectionality challenges the idea that gender is the only factor determining women's experiences.
A developed answer should explain that:
black and working-class women's experiences of patriarchy can differ from those of white, middle-class women
patriarchy in the state, society and economy should therefore not be treated as affecting every woman identically
bell hooks brought the concerns of women of colour into mainstream feminist analysis
her criticism of mainstream feminism challenged an approach focused mainly on white, college-educated, middle- and upper-class women
intersectionality therefore broadens feminist analysis by incorporating race and class alongside gender
For stronger AO2 analysis, explain that intersectionality does not remove gender from feminist analysis. It challenges treating gender as a sufficient explanation on its own.
Question 7
To what extent is there more agreement than disagreement within feminism that the personal is political? (24 marks)
You must use appropriate thinkers you have studied to support your answer and consider differing views in a balanced way.
Indicative mark scheme:
Arguments suggesting agreement
Students may argue that:
many feminists believe oppression operates in both public and private spheres
many feminists see the family and domestic life as important to the reproduction of gender roles
the principle that personal relationships involve power helps connect the private sphere with patriarchy
socialist, radical and post-modern feminism all extend analysis beyond simple public-sphere discrimination
Relevant thinkers could include:
Kate Millett, on undoing the traditional family
Sheila Rowbotham, on capitalism and the family
bell hooks, on intersectionality and women of colour
Simone de Beauvoir, on socially constructed womanhood
Arguments suggesting disagreement
Students may argue that:
liberal feminism concentrates more heavily on equality and discrimination in the public sphere
radical feminism places patriarchal relationships within the private sphere at the centre of oppression
socialist feminism interprets the family partly through capitalism
post-modern feminism argues that private and public oppression also differ according to race and class
different analyses lead to different conclusions about the political action required
AO1: Knowledge and understanding
Higher-level responses should accurately explain:
public sphere
private sphere
the personal is political
relevant feminist traditions
at least two appropriate specified feminist thinkers
AO2: Analysis
Higher-level responses should:
make direct comparisons between feminist perspectives
explain why different understandings of the private sphere produce different political conclusions
use thinkers' ideas to develop comparisons rather than simply identifying their strand
AO3: Evaluation
Higher-level responses should:
judge the extent of agreement throughout
distinguish agreement that private life can involve power from disagreement over the source of that power
evaluate whether disagreements between liberal and other feminist perspectives are fundamental
reach a conclusion that follows logically from the argument
A defensible judgement could argue that there is substantial agreement among socialist, radical and post-modern feminism that private relationships must form part of feminist political analysis, but significant disagreement remains over the source of oppression and therefore over what political change is required.
Question 8
To what extent is feminism united in its understanding of equality? (24 marks)
You must use appropriate thinkers you have studied to support your answer and consider differing views in a balanced way.
Indicative mark scheme:
Arguments suggesting agreement
feminists agree that women have experienced discrimination and unequal gender power
most feminists support gender equality
most feminists reject imposed gender roles and stereotypes as a justification for women's unequal position
equality feminists seek a society in which women are not subordinated because of gender
Arguments suggesting disagreement
Students may argue that:
equality and difference feminism disagree fundamentally about whether men and women have different natures
cultural feminism seeks recognition of women's values rather than simply equality within an existing male-dominated culture
liberal, socialist, radical and post-modern feminists disagree about what produces inequality
they therefore also disagree about the changes necessary to achieve women's liberation
intersectionality challenges approaches that assume equality has exactly the same meaning for all women
Relevant thinkers could include de Beauvoir, Millett, Rowbotham and bell hooks.
AO1: Knowledge and understanding
Higher-level responses should accurately use concepts including:
equality feminism
difference feminism
essentialism
cultural feminism
gender equality
intersectionality
AO2: Analysis
Higher-level responses should:
compare equality and difference feminism directly
examine differences within equality feminism itself
connect different understandings of equality to different explanations of oppression
integrate relevant specified thinkers
AO3: Evaluation
Higher-level responses should:
assess whether common commitment to improving women's position outweighs disagreements over what equality actually requires
distinguish fundamental disagreement over human nature from disagreements over political strategy
maintain a judgement about extent throughout the essay
reach a substantiated conclusion rather than merely summarising previous paragraphs
A defensible conclusion could argue that feminism has considerable agreement that women's unequal status must be challenged, but the division between equality and difference feminism, combined with disagreements among equality feminists over how liberation should be achieved, means that this shared objective does not produce complete ideological unity.
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